Industrial automation and robotics ebook free download

The aim is to have monotonous and similar in type operations or such causing fatigue, stress and production traumas, gradually replaced by automated assembly cycles, means and techniques. Assembly alternatives involving automation, and mechanisation, programmable and adaptive control have been in addition analyzed. They still use hand labour more or less automated. This usually widely involves industrial robots and handlers.

Higher productivity, lower cost and higher quality of assembled products are usually required. Recently, latest assembly techniques for simpler or more complicated products in engineering, device manufacturing and electronics involve computer-aided automated assembly means in Flexible Automated Production Lines or other types of automated conveyor lines, which provide full automation and human labour replacement.

Assembly alternatives involving automation, and mechanisation, programmable and adaptive control have been analyzed in Chapters My research areas are those of design and modelling of biomass fuelled combustion plant and assessment methods for cleaner production processes. I am committed to actions to support Sustainable Development, in particular with emphasis on energy based subjects.

Past work included research in biomass combustion, fire spread, life cycle analysis and modelling of air flows in respiratory systems. I have been also investigating biomass combustion and pyrolysis at low temperature and in flames to obtain information about pyrolysis and char burnout kinetics. This work included fundamental studies of catalytic metal release, their fate and behaviour during thermal processing of biomass, as well as characterisation of biomass materials and waste woods.

Research also involved examining emissions from solid fuel combustion and gasification, by investigating the mechanisms of remobilisation of nitrogen and transformations between nitrogen-containing compounds in pine litter and its impact on emissions from conversion applications. For this purpose the products obtained from pyrolysis under oxidising and reducing conditions of pine litter were examined. Work included characterisation of the chars produced, and the form of nitrogen.

Follow us. It is also possible to use a solenoid electrical magnet here to induce vibrations into the stacker bin 1. Vibrations of the bin cause the parts to be arranged in the right way and fall into the trough 5. When the part reaches the end position at the exit of the trough the grip of the robot manipulator 8 moves along X, Z and in radial direction relative to D to grip the part and transfer it to the required working position a1, c1, d1….

In other words, the next part shall be fed in position a1 after 22 seconds. Here NW is the total number of workers servicing the assembly line; nWC is the number of workers in a single assembly cell; and NAC is the number of assembly cells along the line. From para 2. Above conclusion results from the assumption that the time available for each worker to complete a particular job to ensure a certain output is directly proportionate to the number of workers.

From 7 above we can calculate the required number of parts to provide for normal production run during one working shift: From 8 above we can draw the conclusion that parts of each specific type required for the motor unit assembly 1, 2, 3 and 4 — Figure 11 and part 5 in Figure 7 body shall be delivered and be available in each assembly cell for one working shift 10 hours.

QWS 7,5 x cm3. If we consider parts 1 and 3 Figure 11 , this stacker bin is sufficient to hold parts 1 and parts 3 as above: V3max 1x6 2 36 [cm3] V3max. QWS 36 x [cm3] V1max Hxd12 1,5 x1,5 2 3.

QWS 3, x [cm3] d V3. Considering the existing differences in parts 1 and 3, the design of the feeder mechanism is further explained here. This can be done when parts are delivered in a pallet in bulk not arranged and stacked in the pallet and these pallets are dumped into the stacker bin 1of the feeder device. This technique is not suitable for parts 1 and 3 for the illustrated design because of the peculiar shape of part 1 and the magnetic properties exhibited by part 3. A modified feeder device for these two parts is illustrated and they shall be fed by means of stacked cartridges for parts 1 and 3 or through modification of the bottom and trough of 1 in the feeder device.

Instead, we could use the stacker bin 1 as illustrated in Figure 13 still keeping the rest of the feeder mechanism unchanged to stick to the basic idea unified with the idea adopted in Figure Parts stacker bin modified for part 1 from Figure 11 ; 2. Spring; 3. Gate lock anchor ; 4. Parts; 5. Trough pipe ; 6. Rubber rope or band; 7. Robot arm manipulator ; 8. Cover; f, F — Pressure forces; k — points of attaching 6.

A slight slope is also provided from C to C1. Parts 4 are stacked and arranged in the bin in a single layer. Stacked parts are banded by the elastic band 6. When the robot arm 8 presses on 3 with a force F along X, it rotates around O1 counter clockwise and releases part 4.

Meanwhile, part 4. Re-filling time approx. It is also possible to feed parts to a1 directly Figure In this case we do not need the gate lock 3 and other elements that go with it. If we designate these assembly stages as A, B and C, then stage A involving the assembly of the motor unit assembly would be the most complicated and labour consuming operation.

The assembly stage B involving the voice coil and suspension assembly comprises less operations and transitions involving mainly manual operations because of the nature and characteristic features of these operations. The situation with stage C — cone and dust cap — is very similar. The cone and dust cap are glued together and the cables from the coil are soldered to the appropriate terminals.

These operations are again suitable to perform manually. In other words, one finished loudspeaker comes out in every 6 seconds.

Figure 15 Each individual assembly cell AC No. In Figure 1 Conveyor; 21 …. The parts required for each of these working positions arrive as follows: WP2 — from WP 1 and 4, and WP 3 — from WP 2 and 4 and the finished product Sp, loudspeaker, is then placed on the conveyor to be transported to the store. It is not necessary to double the feeder devices a, b, c, d and e pallets or cartridges with parts but it would be more convenient if neighbouring assembly cells AC1 and AC2 … up to AC 21 and AC22 assemble two different product variants featuring different size and overall design.

The use of a second robot M1 is also considered to perform some of the assembly operations carried out at WP31… over the auxiliary tables f.

T2a [from para 6. This is also achieved by performing some of the assembly operations using robot No. It is also possible to additionally reduce the number of MAC to less than 11, which currently represents a reserve for increasing the assembly line output.

The required additional quantity is : TAC1 — We found out in para 6. In other words, the assembly process shall be such that the time required to perform stages B and C is reduced by a total of 8.

It is equipped with 4 robots operating in a set sequence. The conveyor moves automatically and synchronised with the operation of functioning robots. These work positions are equipped with special assembly fixtures to facilitate the assembly process.

Conveyor — 1 off; 2, 3, 4 and 5 — Robots — 4 off; 6. Moving pallet — ; a, b, c, d — work tables — 4 off; e, f, g, h, i — work tables — 5 off.

Need help with your dissertation? Find out what you can do to improve the quality of your dissertation! Get Help Now Go to www. The assembly operations involved in stages A, B and C as described in the previous paragraphs are distributed among robots 2, 3, 4 and 5 relevant to their individual capabilities.

Robot 2 is the most widely universal one and can perform loading of the conveyor and unloading of finished products, as well as transfer sub-assemblies to robot 3. Robot 3 here replaces M1 robot 2. This time coincides flows in parallel with the time of operation of robots. TM It is also possible to achieve this production volume with significantly less AO24 due to the possibility to increase the operation speed of robots 2 … 4 and improve the overall assembly process.

Edwards, Robots in industry: An overview. Computers in Industry, Volume 15, Issues 1—2, , Pages 83— Jim Lee, Tzvi Raz. Branch-and-bound procedure for robot assembly planning. Malakooti, A methodology for the automation of medium or small manufacturing companies. Dhinesh Kumar, L. Karunamoorthy, Hubert Roth, T.

Mirnalinee, Computers in manufacturing: towards successful implementation of integrated automation system. Technovation, Volume 25, Issue 5, May , Pages — Swamidass, M. Waller, A classification of approaches to planning and justifying new manufacturing technologies. Zhao Xiaobo, Katsuhisa Ohno, Properties of a sequencing problem for a mixed model assembly line with conveyor stoppages.

Kuo, C. Yang, Simulation optimization using particle swarm optimization algorithm with application to assembly line design. Christian Becker, Armin Scholl A survey on problems and methods in generalized assembly line balancing. Stefan Bock, Otto Rosenberg, Thomas van Brackel Controlling mixed-model assembly lines in real-time by using distributed systems. These can be reduced dramatically thanks to our systems for on-line condition monitoring and automatic lubrication.

We help make it more economical to create cleaner, cheaper energy out of thin air. By sharing our experience, expertise, and creativity, industries can boost performance beyond expectations. Therefore we need the best employees who can meet this challenge! Visit us at www. Recently, latest assembly techniques for simpler or more complicated products in engineering, device manufacturing and electronics involve computer-aided automated assembly means in Flexible Automated Production Lines [1] or other types of automated conveyor lines [2], which provide full automation and human labour replacement.

It consists of the following parts: Figure 1 Figure 1: 1. Speaker body case; 2. Magnet system; 3. Conical diaphragm with dust cover 3a ; 4. Collar with corrugated concentric folds of the conical diaphragm; 5. Centering oscillator; 6.

Voice coil, oscillator; 7. Connection terminals with wires for fixing voice coil. Name and description Q-ty 1 Body, speaker support frame 1 2 Rim collar 1 3 Adhesive glued connection between Items 1, 2 and 4 1 4 Conical diaphragm 1 5 Connection wires, between terminal outputs and oscillator coil 2 6 Soldered connection between Item5 and the wires from the coil 16 with the winding17 2 7 Insulation, for the wires 5 and glue to 4 2 8 Dust cover — oscillator 1 9 Top plate, magnet system washer 1 10 Magnet, permanent, ring-shaped 1 11 Central pin — magnet system core 1 12 Bottom plate, magnet system washer 1 13 Adhesive, glued connection between 8 and 4 1 Download free eBooks at bookboon.

Name and description Q-ty 14 Centering oscillator, corrugated flat diaphragm 1 15 Adhesive, glued connection between 14 and 16, and 4 and 14 1 16 Coil 1 17 Winding, from an insulated wire of the coil 16 — 4W 1 18 Adhesive, glued connection between 9 and 10 1 19 Adhesive, glued connection between 10 and 12 1 20 Terminal strip 1 21 Terminal 2 22 Rivet, tubular 1 23 Tin solder, soldered connection between 5 and 21 2 24 Protrusion from the body Item 1 - 25 Riveted connection between 11 and 12, depression — 3 off over Item 11 Download free eBooks at bookboon.

The collar rim 2 and conical diaphragm 4 are glued to item 3 by means of an adhesive in a ring-shaped groove provided in the upper section of the speaker body. Terminal strip 20 is fixed by means of the tubular rivet 22 to the protrusion 24 cast into the body 1 as stamped. The wires 5 are soldered to the terminals 21 during the assembly process using tin solder On the other hand, the terminals 21 are riveted to the strip 20 by means of the protrusions provided on them.

Glued by means of the connection 26 to the disc-shaped plane in the bottom section of the body 1 is the centering oscillator 14, which represents a flat corrugated diaphragm.

This together with the coil 16 and the conical diaphragm 4 is glued in the position 15 along its ring. Winded on the coil 16, which is a hollow cardboard cylinder, is the winding 17 made up of an insulated wire 4W. A small section along axis of the pin 11 of the driving magnet 9, 10, 19 and 11 enters the opening d3 of the coil during the assembly process allowing for a very small gap of d3 — d2.

The wire ends of the winding 17 provided on the 16 run up along the axis over the coil, glued and insulated, and come out from the inside of the cone of the diaphragm 4, between the cover 8 and 4, reaching the position 6 where they are soldered together with 5, insulated and glued to 4 by means of 7. The centering pin 11 of the magnet system is riveted to 12 along d1 by means of the three deformed sections 25 provided in it. Thus, d1 is expanded to a larger size diameter thus ensuring a tight connection between 11 and Additionally, the gap between d2 and d3 should be relatively small, i.

This is due to the fact that the coil moves axially in both directions during operation and enters deeper between The axial alignment of the coil relative to the axis of the opening d5 is ensured by the radial displacement of 16 and 14 before the glue 26 has set.

These considerations significantly predetermine the sequence of individual assembly operations that have to be carried out on the conveyor and the specialised working stations to be provided along its length. Operation Stage Description Remarks manually [sec] No. Operation I, Stage 01 Figure 3a: 1. Fixture in work post No. Surface with applied glue; 5. Part No. Operation I Stage 02 Figure 3b: 3. Operation I Stage 04 Position 3 is fixed — to be held manually until inserted through opening d5 into part No.

Pressed to be glued along 4. Figure 3c 2. This device could be installed on work post No. Alternatively, it could be mounted in the area between work posts No. A reel is installed on a pin in the bottom section of the column 1e such that the column 1e slides into two guides 1d, which are in turn fixed to 1c.

Items 1, 14 and 16 are supported to prevent movement along the Z-axis in position Z1by the support 6. Figure 4: 1. Assembly fixture for items 1, 14 and 16 of the loudspeaker 3. Conveyor assembly line 5. Lifter slanted double plane 6. Support along the Z axis 1a to 1g are components constituting the removal device Item 1 above Download free eBooks at bookboon.

Work table between 3 and 4 2. Work post and operator No. Work post No. Dolly removal device according to item 1. Conveyor or assembly line 1a, 6a — parts from 1 and 6 Download free eBooks at bookboon.

The conveyor provides angular movement of 1 — a Geneva stop 1 along with the parts and F01 2 via the yokes 1a and reels 6a. The number of items 2 and the size of the angles a correspond to the time necessary for the glue to set and the speed rate of the conveyor so that there is sufficient number of semi-finished products available for operator No.

Additionally, it is also necessary to consider individual assembly stages in view of duration, performance complexity, and time and location relationship with other operations along with their economical evaluation. It is a well-known fact that for many products significant portion of assembly operations is still hard to be automated or assisted by robotics [4]. Manual handling is still a preferred process technique for many of them.

Using industrial assembly equipment, handling machines or robots makes many operations impossible or hard to perform or such automation proves to be economically inefficient and is therefore considered groundless and useless [4]. An example of such operation, for example is the insertion and fitting of more than a single component simultaneously or when this necessitates complicated cycle movements.

There are also a number of components requiring some additional operation, such as holding the component in place, deburring of edges, welding or soldering in hard to access locations [5].

Other operations considered hard to be fully automated or mechanised are applying a specified quantity of adhesives or pastes, threading very thin wires through holes drilled in advance, etc.

From the above differentiating analysis of the subject, i. The technical characteristics of various assembly components comprise: the structure and characteristics of the subassembly, interconnections between individual elements, types of connections and fastening means between parts.

General requirements could also comprise the following: the design of the product should allow for the assembly to be performed in complete interchange ability of individual components and on a continuous basis [6].

Dimensional tolerances should also allow for interchange ability between components and avoid operations, which are considered hard to perform, such as twisting wires, spring washers, spilling resins or plastics, etc. Some fragile and tender elements are also considered hard to be involved in automated assembly techniques, as is the case of the oscillator coil. This would require very precise alignment and avoiding possible damage [6].

A detailed consideration of all required assembly operations and additional handling transitions could help us in our precise and good-quality selection of the types of operations, which are most suitable for automated assembly [7].

Additionally, preliminary information has been compiled for the connections between individual operations and the transitions between them in view of time and location, as well as duration, suggested automation equipment required, such as devices, machines, tools, and robots.

This analysis provides grounds for drawing up an organisational chart and a work post layout diagram for the location of individual workstations along the conveyor. This also provides data for production capacity evaluations, conveyor speed rate estimations and assessment of some other technical and economical parameters [7]. Selecting a suitable assembly stage, which can be efficiently automated The assembly process flow model, which was selected for the Mod. RSW loudspeaker and visualised in the above Table 2 gives clear picture of the specific features and suitability of individual process stages A, B, C, D A1 for automation.

The process stage in Table 2 and the described above in p. The reason for this selection is that this stage involves mainly rotational regular-shaped components and convenient and sufficient in number base planes and planes suitable to be supported in automated handling devices [8].

Moreover, handling units will feature very simple design. The additional small stage D allows for some savings in operational time and multi-position assembly operation possibility for simultaneous assembly of more than a single set. The stage, which is considered most unsuitable for automation in this particular case is the stage B group B components and this is due to the high precision required in the positioning of the components being assembled and possible damage of coil winding.

Vacuum grips could be used here but the applied adhesive or adhesive plastics could lead to unreliable automated operation cycles [9]. Moreover, all three sub-stages are carried out in a single work post No.

Two auxiliary devices should be available at this workstation to provide for the riveting and adhesive-applying operations and intermediate operation time should also be allowed here for the glue to set. One final sub-stage is also carried out apart from sub-stages A1, A2 and A3, sub-stage A4. This provides final assembly of the drive unit. Due to the specific overall assembly operation sequence this sub-stage is actually carried out in a different work post No. Therefore, they can be fed to the specified location, the assembly fixture, and inserted into it automatically without any manual actions using two simple and conventional methods.

One is to feed them along troughs positioned at a certain angle or horizontally by rolling or sliding them by gravity or using relatively simple pushing devices. These fixtures are then moved to the adhesive applicator or the fast-acting riveting press. Once sub- stages A1, A2 and A3 are completed the assembly fixtures can then be further transferred to feed their sub-assemblies into the next work post, WP 2 in this case. Additionally, he will have to manually load assembly fixture No.

From the analysis made in Table 1 we can conclude that the assembly cell area for a single type or model of loudspeaker products is obviously made up of three work posts operator workstations furnished with all necessary automated fixtures and means, which should be positioned close to each other. The conveyor belt could therefore be used to transport finished loudspeakers to the end of its length ready to be transferred into the finished products store.

Alternatively, the conveyor belt could be used to drive auxiliary turntables rotating around one central axis and supporting specific assembly fixtures, or to actuate the fixtures devices themselves. A similar idea was discussed in p. Additionally, parts are arranged or fed into pallets or storage rack cells in the intermediate transfer course of the assembly process between stages A1, A2 and A3. The movement between work posts WP1, 2 and 3 is through an auxiliary transportation turntable providing automation to the whole process.

Some manual transportation or movement of pallets with component parts is also possible here when small distances are concerned in large time intervals. For example, if component parts 11 and 12 are arranged in one 1 to n-station fixture, the press having the same number of riveting positions will perform the riveting operation simultaneously on all of them thus saving a considerable amount of operation time.

Turntable; 3. Work posts WP 1 thru 3; 4. Pallets filled with component parts 1, 9, 10, 11 and 12; 5. Feed-in bin and trough for part 9 towards D3; 6. Feed-in bins 2 off and trough for parts 11 and 12 towards D2; 7. Feed-in bin and trough for part 10 towards D3; 8.

Feed-in bin and trough for part 1 towards D; 9. Press for D1 and D2 ; Adhesive applicator for D3 ; Disc-shaped platform for transportation of pallets, component parts, tools, etc.

Arrows indicate the directions of movement of component parts and transportation links. The operator at WP3 fills in the bins 5, 6, 7 and 8 from pallets 4 with component parts 9, 11, 12, 10 and 1 respectively designations are according to Figure 2. Component part 9 moves along the feed trough of 5 and goes into the assembly fixtures positioned on D3 onto the turntable.

Device 10 applies the adhesive and device 7 feeds in the other component part 10 in an identical or similar way. There are 5 types of feeding bins with troughs for transferring component parts to the locations where they are to be assembled. Therefore, we shall need to consider design ideas and details for each individual feeding device intended for each of these 5 different component parts.

Axis Y is perpendicular to drawing plane [10]. Figure 7 shows the design idea of such type of feeding mechanism. Item No. Description Qu-ty Notes 1 1 Bin for component parts part 9 1 2 1. Z is the movement of 8. A hopper bin for component parts 1 is located on 4 up to n-number vertical columns, d1 inner diameter tubes and the hopper bin bottom is positioned at an angle of b.

The axis of the second bottom plate coincides with the axis of columns 2. A knife-shaped pusher 3 is positioned horizontally in the lower section of the columns 2, underneath them. The columns 2 are supported above the guide trough 7 transferring component parts towards the axis of the fixture 4. Component parts are located in position into the trough by guides 7. The assembly punch 8. Longitudinal profile grooves 3. Cylinder 6 is connected to 3 by means of the slide 6. When stirred by hand or automatically some of them enter the d1 openings provided in the slope partitions, the bottom 1.

The parts are then arranged one after the other along the slanted grooves with the vertical walls 1. Then they slide down the slanted bottom by gravity angle b until they enter one of the columns 2 piling and locating with their plat surface, the X0Y plane, in the columns until columns are full to the top.

The horizontal pusher 3 with cam grooves 3. First, it pushes four parts between y1 — y2 in the — y direction to a y distance and then it pushes the entire row 4 parts into the trough 7. Under this action the parts cannot lift up and go back to 2 once they move to the distance —y held there by the side guide 7. The parts are further guided along the trough by its side walls, supported on the bottom side by the guides 7.

When the cylinder 8 actuates it presses down part 9 by means of the punch 8. The moving sections 7. The diameter of the seat is slightly larger than d to provide for 0. The cylinder 8 actuates as the worktable 5 rotates in a position where the axis of 4 is coincident with the axes of the punch 8. Circuit breakers 9 and the cam of 6, the switch 8. The circuit breakers control respective electromagnetic control pneumatic and hydraulic valves depending on the operation fluid selected.

The time necessary for sub-stage A4, operation VIII01 … 04 should not be added here because this is performed in another work post, work post No. The dimensions thus defined are valid for the particular loudspeaker discussed. Specified dimensions will differ within tight limits for the other 14 variants or types of speakers to make up to 15 as required in the assignment if we assumed that this same conveyor will be used for assembling loudspeaker versions close in size and similar in design to the initial one [10].

The bin 1 is capable of holding almost twice the number of component parts of the specified dimensions held in the columns 2 and the trough 7 and therefore the actual possible minimum set quantity of part 9 will be: 5 Nstor. This quantity is sufficient to provide 16 hours continuous conveyor operation. This time could be on the expense of short coffee breaks of 10 to 15 minutes allowed for operators within the 8-hour working time or before conveyor operation has started.

Time for re-filling is in this sense per every 15 hours and 58 minutes when there are still some parts in the unit [11]. To facilitate entrance to the openings 1. Additional stir in is applied 4 or 5 times throughout the shift to provide uniform column feed.

Prior to this stage, the glue applicator unit Item 10 in Figure 6 has applied glue to the upper surface of part 9 not shown in Figure 7. Therefore, the part feeder device for parts 10 will be identical to the device shown and described in para 3 thru 3. There will be some differences in the sizes and storage capacity, as well as the time for re-filling, which is due to the larger size of part 10 compared to that of part 9.

It is also possible for the entire storage and feeder unit to be manufactured of such materials with the only exception of the feeder cylinders 6 and 8. For the punch 8. Therefore, parts filled into the tray above 1. Arrangement of parts 11 in the tray on a single level towards the columns 1 Figure 11 2. In other words, re-filling is performed every 15 hours and 45 minutes.

All other process parameters, such as cycle time, storage capacity and method of re-filling are also identical to those for component part 9.

It is made of 1mm thick steel sheets punched and stamped into a complicated shape. Therefore, the feeder mechanism cannot use the same bin 1 and columns 2 Fig. The feeder mechanism 6 and part items 3 and 9 are also present in this design solution but have a different operation, mechanics and design shape. The feeder mechanism operated on a single cycle, i.

Figure 12 shows the principal design diagram for this type of feeder mechanism. Description Qu-ty Notes 1 1 Cartridge for component parts 1 parts part 1, Fig. Parts are stacked one on top of the other as shown in Figure 12, with their tapered section pointing towards cartridge 1 bottom and are positioned in place around the Z axis by mean of pins 2 fixed to the cartridge.

If the cartridge has been manufactured to have the shape of a deep square-shaped pallet it is possible for parts to be located and fixed in the required position by the four wall s of 1 instead of using the pins 2. The cartridge 1 is secured to the base plate 7. While travelling the distance l1, initially 7 contacts the sleeves 8. As the positioning locks lift they cause the whole stack of component parts above them to lift as well, such that only one the bottom-most one is left, which is pushed mm towards the trough 7 in Figure 2.

The piston rod of the cylinder 6 then moves backwards, which causes the pusher 7 to retract to position a, which repeats the whole cycle. Cartridges have to be replaced every 8. This has been based on the assumption of having one operator servicing one work post [13]. The cost of mechanisation investment resources [14]. These are positioned around the auxiliary turning worktable, which is located on the sideways next to the linear flat conveyor with work posts No.

A layout arrangement is shown in Figure 6. These include the assembly of component parts 1, 9, 10, 11 and 12 involving operations I 01 … 04, II 01 … 04 and III 01 … Involved assembly operations and transition sub-stages are IV 01, 02 and Component parts 4, 2, 8 and 1 are assembled here. Involved assembly operations and transition sub-stages are VII 01 … These include the assembly of component parts 1, 14, and 16 involving operations V 01, 02 and 03; VI 01 … Parts 1, 9, 10, 11 and 12 are fed to WP3 from pallets.

Parts 5, 20, 21, 22 and 23 as well as 2, 4 and 8 are fed to WP2 from pallets. Component parts 14 and 16 are fed to WP1, respectively. The pallets with component parts required for the continuous operation of individual work posts and conveyor are transported from the store to the corresponding work post by means of the conveyor and in between individual work posts WP1, 2 and 3 — by means of the turntable 3.

One complete turn of 3 takes 1 minute and the cycle duration between all 12 individual working positions located around the table 1 thru 12 is 5 sec. The rotation of 3 is interrupted and alternated by idle time necessary for the assembly operations of the machine to be carried out in every working position.

For example, the time required for riveting part 11 and Each operation unit produces finally assembles 1 particular type of loudspeaker. One pre-condition is that all 15 types should not differ considerably in overall size. From 4. For ease and convenience to operators we could assume that Tass. In other words, the operation unit, which comprises WP1, 2 and 3 and a turntable will produce one loudspeaker on every 1 minute not involving the automation in WP3. T Qass. This is implied by the necessity of keeping the cycle time required for the rotation of the worktable to 1 minute because of manually operated WP2 and WP3.

From all said above we could conclude that WP3 will operate for only a small relative part of the working time for each shift to feed the sub-assemblies produced in it to the other manual work posts WP2 and WP1. Therefore, work post WP3 will only have to operate for 40 minutes per shift to produce this number when automation is adopted the is due to its production capacity, which increases 12 times as a result of the automation.

This will also result in reduction of 13 basic operators throughout the line. Nevertheless, the operator in WP3 could be replaced by one assembly robot.

In this case the time required to perform the operations involved in Stage A will increase to 30 sec, or in average, 6 sec for each part [16]. If assembly robots are selected to be used this could avoid the use of turntables thus producing a linear work post arrangement diagram. Pallets containing parts for WP3 robot complex 2. Pallets containing parts for WP2 5. Work table for WP2 WP1 , etc. Up to assembly unit XV 6.

Pallets storage racks, cartridges containing finished or drying subassemblies. This is due to the fact that the production capacity of WP3 is twice higher.

References 1. Angeles, J. TWER Asada, H. TCPW Ball, Robert S. Estimation and Tracking, Principles, Techniques, and Software. Brady, J. M, Robot motion planning: planning and control.

TELE Brand, Louis, Vector and tensor analysis, Wiley, Canudas de Wit, C. Craig, J. J, Introduction to Robotics: mechanics and control. Crane, C. Ginsberg, M, Essentials of Artificial Intelligence. Kanal, L. Latombe, Jean Claude. Robot motion planning. Advances in manufacturing. Gupta, C. Judt, Y. Gupta, S. Balakrishnann, Expert scheduling system for a prototype flexible manufacturing cell: a framework. Mark R. Cutkosky, Paul S. Fussell, Robert Milligan Jr. The managerial team also included experts from various departments of the company and production department superintendents.

The teams thus expanded ensure increased possibilities for outlining and identifying to a maximum extend the wide range of problems that need to be solved. The main objective of the gathering that must be related to the overall system of objectives of the company is to prepare a plan to rescue the factory through increasing the production volume of the new washing machine, the Superwash Combo.

Prepare an analysis of: the process of conversion of raw materials into a built product; energy requirements; potential possibilities for re-use; customer perspectives, society, technical, economic and political factors [1]. Considerations of re-cycling and possible re-use at both the components and complete product level should be given [1]. The techniques employed included the analytical synthesis method and the brain attack technique [1]. The following plan of action of the team has been prepared: All participants have been given sheets of paper where they were asked to write down their ideas about the problems placed.

Participants were allowed to swap sheets to give them more hints and generate additional suggestions. Once this was complete all participants had to line up, discuss and assess the suggestions given. Results were arranged in a cause and consequence diagram, the Ishikava chart [3]. The brain attack technique was used to develop various problem solution alternatives [3].

Yes Conducting training courses and Lecturer issuing necessary documentation Document conducting the training Has an No examination been approved? Yes Examination test for checking the level of knowledge and skills Examiner Assessment and issuance of required Training course Examiner documentation of examination results certificate Lecturer Notification to the conducting Have the No manager of the the training goals set been corresponding met? Personnel manager, department. Figure 4 Each individual alternative that was suggested had its own particular cost that had to be paid.

Therefore, the team had to approach a realistic plan that could be implemented involving the minimum amount of spending.

As a result of many hours of hard work the following opinion was given on individual factors. It was clearly stressed that the developed plan to increase the production capacity could not be implemented unless a well-motivated personnel is involved.

Explanation activities will have to be undertaken to draw the workers attention to the fact that the increase in the Combo production will guarantee they retain their jobs and will rescue the factory and maintain the economic infrastructure in the region.

Guarantees should be provided to the workers and all employees that the increase in production and company profit will also involve increase in wages and improved social service provisions.